Nūhou - Introduction to Lifting Chain of Grades: G80, G100 & G120

ʻO nā kaulahao hāpai a me nā maʻahe mau mea koʻikoʻi i loko o nā hana kūkulu, hana ʻana, mining, a me nā ʻoihana waho. Hoʻopili kā lākou hana i ka ʻepekema waiwai a me ka ʻenehana pololei. ʻO nā māka kaulahao o G80, G100, a me G120 e hōʻike ana i nā ʻāpana ikaika kiʻekiʻe, i wehewehe ʻia e ko lākou ikaika tensile liʻiliʻi (ma MPa) i hoʻonui ʻia me 10:

- G80: 800 MPa ikaika tensile haʻahaʻa

- G100: 1,000 MPa ka ikaika tensile liʻiliʻi

- G120: 1,200 MPa ikaika tensile liʻiliʻi

Hoʻopili kēia mau māka i nā kūlana honua (e laʻa, ASME B30.9, ISO 1834, DIN EN818-2) a ke nānā pono ʻia a hoʻāʻo ʻia e hōʻoia i ka hilinaʻi ma lalo o nā ukana ikaika, nā wela wela, a me nā kaiapuni corrosive.

1. Nā Mea Hana a me nā Metallurgy: ʻO ka ʻepekema ma hope o nā pae kaulahao hāpai

ʻO nā waiwai mechanical o kēia mau kaulahao hāpai e kū mai ana mai ke koho ʻana i ka alloy pololei a me ka mālama wela.

Papa	Mea kumu	Lapaʻau wela	Nā Mea Hoʻohui Kiʻi	Nā hiʻohiʻona microstructural
G80	Ke kila kalapona waena	Quenching & Tempering	C (0.25-0.35%), Mn	ʻO martensite paʻa
G100	ʻO ke kila haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ikaika kiʻekiʻe (HSLA).	Ke kinai ʻana	Kr, Mo, V	bainite/martensite maikaʻi
G120	Ke kila HSLA kiʻekiʻe	Ka hoʻopololei pololei	Cr, Ni, Mo, micro-alloyed Nb/V	ʻO ka hoʻopuehu carbide ultra-fine

No ke aha a pehea e pili ai kēia mau mea:

- Hoʻonui ikaika: ʻO nā mea hoʻohuihui (Cr, Mo, V) e hana i nā carbide e keʻakeʻa ana i ka neʻe ʻana o ka dislocation, e hoʻonui ai i ka ikaika me ka ʻole o ka ʻai ʻana i ka ductility.

-Paleʻa luhi: ʻO nā microstructure maikaʻi ma G100/G120 ke keʻakeʻa nei i ka hoʻomaka ʻana. Hāʻawi ka G120 tempered martensite i ke ola luhi ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi (> 100,000 mau pōʻai ma 30% WLL).

- ʻAʻahu Kūʻē: ʻO ka paʻakikī o ka ʻili (e laʻa, ka paʻakikī induction) ma G120 e hōʻemi ana i ka abrasion i nā noi kiʻekiʻe-friction e like me nā laina huki.

Nā Kūʻai Kūʻai no ka Pono o ke kaulahao

•Pre-Weld Prep:

o E hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā ʻili hui e hoʻoneʻe i nā oxides/contaminants.

o E hoʻomaʻamaʻa mua i ka 200°C (G100/G120) e pale i ka haki ʻana o ka hydrogen.

•Nā ʻano hana welding:

o Laser Weld: No nā kaulahao G120 (e laʻa, Al-Mg-Si alloys), hana ʻelua ʻaoʻao wiliwili i nā ʻāpana hui pū me ka H-like HAZ no ka hāʻawi ʻana i ke kaumaha.

o TIG Wire Wela: No nā kaulahao kila boiler (e laʻa, 10Cr9Mo1VNb), hoʻemi ka wiliwili multi-pass i ka distortion.

•Manaʻo koʻikoʻi:Hōʻalo i nā pōʻino geometric ma HAZ – nā wahi hoʻomaka māwae nui ma lalo o 150°C.

Nā Kūlana Hoʻomaʻamaʻa Wela Ma hope o Weld (PWHT).

Papa	PWHT Mahana	Manawa Paa	Hoʻololi Microstructural	Hoomaikai Waiwai
G80	550-600°C	2-3 hola	ʻO martensite paʻa	Hoʻopau koʻikoʻi, + 10% ka paʻakikī hopena
G100	740-760°C	2-4 hola	Hoʻopuehu carbide maikaʻi	15%↑ ikaika luhi, HAZ like
G120	760-780°C	1-2 hola	Kāohi i ka M₂₃C₆ i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana	Kāohi i ka nalo ʻana o ka ikaika ma ka wela kiʻekiʻe

akahele:ʻOi aku i ka 790°C ke kumu o ka carbide coarsening → ikaika/ductility nalowale.

2. Hoʻokō i nā kaulahao hāpai ma nā kūlana koʻikoʻi

Ke koi nei nā kaiapuni ʻokoʻa i nā hoʻonā waiwai kūpono.

ʻO ka hoʻomanawanui wela:

- G80:Hana paʻa a hiki i 200 ° C; me ka nalowale o ka ikaika wikiwiki ma luna o 400 ° C ma muli o ka hoʻohuli ʻana i ka tempering.

- G100/G120:Hoʻopaʻa nā kaulahao i ka ikaika 80% ma 300 ° C; nā māka kūikawā (e laʻa, me ka hoʻohui ʻia ʻo Si/Mo) e pale i ka embrittlement a hiki i -40°C no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka arctic.

Paʻa ʻino:

- G80:Kūleʻa i ka rust; pono ka aila pinepine ʻana i nā wahi haʻahaʻa.

- G100/G120:Loaʻa nā koho i ka galvanization (zinc plated) a i ʻole nā ʻano ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe (e laʻa, 316L no nā mea kanu kai/kemika). ʻO ka Galvanized G100 ke kū i 500+ mau hola i nā hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka paʻakai.

ʻO ka luhi a me ka paʻakikī o ka hopena:

- G80:Ua kūpono no nā haʻawe paʻa; paʻakikī paʻakikī ≈25 J ma -20°C.

- G120:ʻO ka paʻakikī (> 40 J) ma muli o nā hoʻohui Ni/Cr; kūpono no ka hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻana (e laʻa, nā cranes pā hale).

3. Alakaʻi Koho Kūikawā Noi

ʻO ke koho ʻana i ka papa kūpono e hoʻonui i ka palekana a me ka maikaʻi o ke kumukūʻai.

Nā noi	Papa Manaʻo	Kumukumu
Hana Nui	G80	Kūʻai maikaʻi no nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa / maloʻo; laʻa, scaffolding.
Hāpai ʻia ma waho o ka ʻāina	G100 (Galvanized)	ʻO ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe + ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion; pale i ka lua wai kai.
ʻO ka Mining/Quarrying	G120	Hoʻonui i ka pale ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pōhaku abrasive; ola i nā haawe hopena.
ʻO ka Mahana Kiʻekiʻe (e laʻa, nā Mills Steel)	G100 (ʻokoʻa i mālama ʻia me ka wela)	Paʻa ka ikaika ma kahi o nā kapuahi (a hiki i 300 ° C).
Nā Lift Dinamiki Koʻikoʻi	G120	ʻAʻohe luhi no ka hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻana o ka helikopter a i ʻole ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā mea hana.

4. Nā ʻike pale a me ka mālama ʻana

- Ka luhi ʻole:ʻO ka mea maʻamau i ka hoʻouka ʻana. ʻO ke kūpaʻa hoʻolaha māwae ʻoi o G120 e hōʻemi i kēia pilikia.

- ʻAi ʻino:Hoʻopili i ka ikaika; ʻO nā maʻa galvanized G100 ka lōʻihi o 3x ma nā wahi kahakai vs. G80 i uhi ʻole ʻia.

- Nānā:Kauoha ʻo ASME i ka nānā ʻana i kēlā me kēia mahina no nā māwae, ʻaʻahu ma kahi o 10% anawaena, a i ʻole elongation. E hoʻohana i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā ʻāpana magnetic no nā loulou G100/G120.

5. Paipai i nā mea hou a me nā ʻano o ka wā e hiki mai ana

- Nā kaulahao akamai:ʻO nā kaulahao G120 me nā naʻau kānana i hoʻopili ʻia no ka nānā ʻana i ka ukana manawa maoli.

- Nā uhi:ʻO nā uhi Nano-ceramic ma G120 e hoʻolōʻihi i ke ola lawelawe ma nā wahi ʻawaʻawa.

- ʻepekema Material:E noiʻi i nā ʻano kila austenitic no ka hāpai ʻana i ka cryogenic (-196°C LNG noi).

Ka Manaʻo Manaʻo: Hoʻohālikelike i nā pae kaulahao me kāu mau pono

- E koho iā G80no nā hoʻokiʻekiʻe koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi, non-corrosive.

- E wehewehe i ka G100no nā kaiapuni corrosive/dynamic e koi ana i ka ikaika kaulike a me ka lōʻihi.

- E koho iā G120i nā kūlana koʻikoʻi: luhi nui, abrasion, a i ʻole nā mea hoʻokiʻekiʻe koʻikoʻi pololei.

Manaʻo hope: E hoʻopaʻa mua i nā kaulahao i hōʻoia ʻia me nā lāʻau wela hiki ke loaʻa. ʻO ke koho kūpono e pale aku i nā pōʻino pōʻino - ʻo ka ʻepekema waiwai ka iwi kuamoʻo o ka palekana hāpai.

Ka manawa hoʻouna: Jun-17-2025